Physical Activity and School-age Individuals With Visual Impairments a Literature Review

	The visually dumb: involvement in physical activity and sport La discapacidad visual: la participaci�n en la actividad f�sica y el deporte
	MSc in Sport Science Faculty of Sport, Academy of Porto (Portugal)	Jos� Luis Lima Const�ncio jlconstancio@gmail.com
	Abstract The vision is a sense of fundamental importance in learning of motor skills and movement construction mental of, considering the subject needs locate, cess of space and distance. The aim of this study was to investigate the visually impaired and your interest in physical activities, particularly in the swimming area. Through literature review, we conclude that the lack of vision can touch on the performance of athletes and people who are not athletes, may adopt a sedentary lifestyle listening to TV and radio in to their homes. Many studies are focused on participation and encouraging of sport, equally this can assistance in socialization both verbal and emotional promoting quality of life and physical performance. Despite the negative impact on society and economical field and in the context of physical activity, decreasing the operation of daily activities and high-functioning athletes compared to not-blind, the practice of physical activities for the blind has expanded so that today more than and more athletes take participated in the Paralympics Games and go great results, despite all the barriers that club imposes on them. Keywords: Blind. Physical activity. Functioning. Resumen El sentido de la visi�due north tiene importancia primal en el aprendizaje de las habilidades motoras y la construcci�north mental del movimiento, ya que el sujeto debe localizar, evaluar el espacio y la distancia en la que se encuentra. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar a los discapacitados visuales y su participaci�northward en actividades f�sicas, especialmente en la nataci�n. A trav�s de una revisi�north de la literatura, se concluye que la falta de visi�n puede afectar al rendimiento de los atletas, y las personas que no son atletas, pueden llevar una vida sedentaria simplemente para escuchar radio y la televisi�n en sus hogares. Muchos estudios se centran en la participaci�northward y el fomento del deporte, ya que esto puede contribuir a la socializaci�n, tanto verbal y emocional promoci�n de la calidad de vida y el rendimiento f�sico. A pesar del impacto negativo en la sociedad y el �mbito econ�mico y en el contexto de la actividad f�sica, resultando en una disminuci�due north del rendimiento de las actividades diarias y alto rendimiento, en comparaci�n con los atletas no ciegos, la pr�ctica de actividades f�sicas en este grupo de personas se ha intensificado y los atletas de hoy cada vez m�south participan en los juegos Paral�mpicos y tienen grandes resultados a pesar de todas las barreras que la sociedad les impone. Palabras clave : Ciegos. Actividad f�sica. Rendimiento .
	http://www.efdeportes.com/ Revista Digital - Buenos Aires - A�o 15 - N� 146 - Julio de 2010

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1.     Introduction

    The sense of sight is of cardinal importance in modern social club, which is organized mainly according to those who have vision and is considered a vehicle of communication in the world. (Tonjum, 1986, Rodney, 2003, Maia, 1996; Trunks, 1999, Mir, 2004, Maia, 1996; Watkinson & Graham, 2005). Aydog et al, 2004; Juodzbaliene & Muckus, 2006 state that the relationship with the environs depends on the processing and integration of afferent information from 3 systems: visual, vestibular and proprioceptive.

    The move depends on the vision to develop, is a type of data involving the location and evaluation of space and distance, information technology is essential in the construction of mental move (Tonjum, 1986; Moura e Castro, 2000).

    The visual function is the capacity of individuals to give meaning to physical stimuli captured by the eye. "The light energy is captured by the photoreceptor cells of the retina (rods and cones) are transmitted to the occipital surface area (visual cortex) where it is integrated with information from the other senses". (Ladeira & Queiroz 2002)

    The ability to see depends on many factors: the concrete and homo interest, the age at which installed the disability, the ability to accommodate to the situation, intelligence, personality blazon, the consciousness of more or less autonomy, education received and the technical support. (Martin & Bueno, 1997)

two.     The blind

    In that location is non a standard concept for the visually impaired (Vi), because in that location are many parameters and settings in dissimilar countries (Seixas, 2008). The term Vi tin exist described as an irreversible situation of reduced visual response due to hereditary causes, congenital or acquired, fifty-fifty later on clinical or surgical treatment and spectacles. This is because individuals�, even using special optical devices or surgery, the vision remains compromised. (Ramos, 2008)

    According to Mir, 2004; Mauerberg-de-Castro, 2005 and Sousa, 2006 the definition of Six is applied to individuals whose visual impairment remains after trying to set it without success.

    Pereira (1980) states that a person with Vi is "any person who has a great visual loss and, in some cases can exist taught to read print using optical aids, and they need special support during their schooling".

    Co-ordinate to the World Health Organization Vi may be considered when both eyes with correction, is equal to 0.3, with values equal to 0.1 considered a state of blindness.

    Visual harm can be classified into three unlike categories:

• Congenital (if arises from 0 to 1 twelvemonth of historic period), the person has a representation of the intellectualized environs (colors, perspective, volume, relief), there is an absenteeism of visual concept.

• Early on (appear between 1 and three years old)

• Acquired (if comes later on 3 years of historic period), has all the visual richness before blindness and take a visual representation of an object or an environment, by analogy. (ACAPO, s / d)

    The terminology to define and plant the diverse degrees of Six is not homogeneous, many authors base their definitions in visual vigil and visual field. There are several types of vision exam that measures one or more visual functions, such as central visual acuity, color perception, opening upwardly the visual field and binocular vision, and the assessment of visual impairment unremarkably done by determining the visual acuity and the opening of the visual field. (Pereira 1980)

    According Ladeira & Queiroz (2002) visual acuity is the ability of a person has to perceive and discriminate details of an object at a certain distance and visual field is the "angular distance that the centre can encompass the person with the normal 180 � without moving his head."

    An individual may exist considered blind when an middle has a corrected visual acuity of 1 / x (0.ane), and whose visual field is reduced to 20 � (Masi, 2002).

    With a diverseness of concepts is difficult to clarify the concept of Six considerately, whether in quantitative or qualitative. Visual perception is determined by a number of environmental factors and personality which in turn influence their assessment qualitative and quantitative. (Ramos, 2008)

    Visual impairment has a negative affect on society in full general and in the economic domain (Taylor et al, 2007; Meads & Hyde, 2006) in physical activeness results in decreased operation of daily activities and high performance when compared to athletes. (West et al., 2002)

iii.     The bullheaded and concrete activity

    Physical activity (Pha) skilful past people with disabilities or special needs can exist defined as any activity suited to the capabilities of each one with an emphasis on motor evolution, physical didactics and all athletic activities according to Silva, 2000.

    Many barriers are encountered by the bullheaded in relation to Pha, among which can be highlighted: the lack of understanding and cognition required by club, fearfulness and anxiety caused past the inability, dependence and exposed its deficiency (Sorensen, SD, and Moura Castro , 1993; Martinez, 1998; Telford and Sawrey, 1988).

    I of the consequences of visual impairment is sedentary lifestyle and your integration with the company resulting in poor physical endurance, posture inappropriate release of the tendons decreased nervus causing contractions. (Mir, 2004, Rogow, 1988; Moura due east Castro, 1994, Lockette and Keyes, 1994)

    The Half dozen has the same concrete needs to utilize his body like the not blind, because in the absence of Pha, them merely listen the radio or television receiver (Martinez, 1998). In this sense, concrete action adapted promotes the socialization both exact and emotional and physical, in addition to promoting the quality of life of these people (Maueberg-deCastro, 2005; Tonjum, 1986), and can besides promote physical performance as can be seen in the written report by �olak et al. (2004), which we assessed peak torque, flexibility, balance, grip strength and vertical jump in players goalball, where the results showed that the sample obtained superior operation in all parameters.

Mean pinnacle torque values for isokinetic concentric height torque data of groups.

Motor fettle parameters of goalball player and non-goalball players in class B1, B2 and B3.

    Co-ordinate to Craft (1990), Moura and Castro (1994), the fettle levels of individuals with visual impairments are reduced in comparing to not blind. This affirmation tin be seen by the world records in athletics and swimming shown below:

Table 1. Created by writer, data on tape at: www.isba.es / www.iaaf.org

Table 2. Created by author, information on record at: www.isba.es / www.iaaf.org

Table 3. Created by author, data on record at: www.fina.org / www.ibsa.es

Table 4. Created by author, data on record at: world wide web.fina.org / world wide web.ibsa.es

    However, Moura e Castro (1993), assumes that this inferiority is related to the removal of the blind with Pha, leaving information technology unable to connect to the blindness to the inability.

    Sherrill (1998) attributes this depression concrete chapters to sedentary lifestyle and especially the overprotective, since the greater the degree of disability, the greater the protection exercised.

    A report near the attitudes of people in the face of physical education and recreation suggests that blind adults perform physical activities every bit an important part of their recreation and their attitudes are conducive to Pha. (Sherrill, Rainbolt & Ervin, 1984)

    For authors Myra Melford and Rose (1995), Novi (1996) and Davis (2007), the individual needs of body movement to explore the environment and become familiar with it, using it to achieve its psychomotor development.

    Sport contributes to the improvement of movement, autonomy, so that the visually impaired person have success by yourself, providing a broad knowledge of himself, that together with the experience of successful situations, increase their confidence, self-command, freedom, initiative, body image and communication, contributing to social integration. (Rodrigues, 2002; Silva, 1998; Freitas, 2007)

    To Guttmann (1997), Pha for the visually impaired has a greater importance and representativeness than for "normal" people, considering in addition to physical and psychological effects common to all regardless of physical condition, it gives a therapeutic and motivational assisting and help in their reintegration into guild.

    The sighted people are often motivated to practise sports through visual stimuli, while the blind requires internal motivation, thus, the action should requite you pleasance first. (Sherrill, 1998)

    Sports for disabled people utilize to the person who, with their inability, is able to exercise a sport without modify. The changes do non take the competitive border the sport, organized, institutionalized and regulated have. (Silva, 1991)

    In sport for people with disabilities in that location are several mutual tests to sports in full general, however, adapted to this population, with a smaller more express number of specific prove in some areas of deficiency. (Pereira, 1998)

4.     Adapted pond

    The adjusted sport consists of sports experiences that have been modified or peculiarly designed to go against the special needs of a group of individuals for the physical and psychological rehabilitation, which may adopt the characteristics of integration (where people with disabilities interact with non-disabled people) or segregated features (which merely include people with disabilities). (Dias, 2007, Winnick, 1990, Silva, 2008)

    The do of motor activities for people with disabilities - such equally empowerment, rehabilitation and social interaction - is in 1 of the main tools for the development of individual and collective potential of this segment of the population. It is noticeable the gains as a result of participation in leisure activities and sports, whether in the sensorimotor and / or psychosocial. (Abrantes et al, 2006)

    The h2o activities contribute to improving the notion of the body and the segments that compose it, makes information technology easier to jiff control, control of head motion, relaxation, increased strength and muscular endurance, flexibility, mobility, self-esteem, confidence and facilitates social inclusion. (Rodrigues, 1997; Souza, 1994)

    Swimming in this manner has been of smashing importance to the overall development of people with visual impairments, it can be good at any age and physical condition, bringing benefits that straight influence their daily activities, encouraging and facilitating the social interaction of people (Abrantes et al, 2006).

    Therefore, the apply of swimming as motor activeness for people with visual impairment is highly recommended, as this is a sport that allows for independence and autonomy of its practitioners, and provide many benefits that are linked to rubber and quality of student life / apprentice. (Abrantes et al, 2006)

    Swimming is a groovy sport to make of inclusion of blind and visually impaired in the sport, it has features such as rules, forms of learning, training, contest and other factors that favor the inclusion of disabled people in the environs of physical activeness focused on health, and also allows for its format, the routing for the competitive sports environment. (Abrantes et al, 2006)

    The practice of swimming for people with blindness and visual harm was initially restricted to medicinal utilise, but with the popularization and dissemination of sports for people with disabilities, swimming has likewise been proficient every bit a competition. (Abrantes et al, 2006)

5.     Final remarks

    The absenteeism of the sense of vision can affect motor skills of the individual, still this does non prevent the Vi to be physically active. The practice of sports activity can cause a sense of independence and autonomy of this class of disabled generating multiple benefits including: physiological, sociological and psychological. Although existing research on the outcome of visual impairment are all the same necessary studies related to 6 and physical activity or studies linking certain sports activities and / or training of that course of athletes. The athlete Vi has the same capabilities and limitations as whatsoever other sportsman, and then you must exploit information technology to maximum performance and satisfaction and reach even ameliorate results.

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